His will commanded he be buried with his beloved wife Jane Seymour, the only wife to give birth to a surviving legitimate male heir. Thats what EVERY man did back then and Henry wanted a son. Henrys body was bathed, embalmed with spices and encased in lead. I AM sensitive to the diverse mindsets of different time periods. The monastery was suppressed by Henry VIII in 1540. He was male and legitimate, but for the fledgling dynasty a child king was almost as dangerous a prospect as a woman on the throne. Academia. He preached at the chapel at Greenwich on Easter Sunday, March 31, 1532. Get FREE access to HistoryExtra.com. (Sandro Botticelli / Tudor History ). In 1804 when the architect, James Wyatt, began work on a huge royal catacomb on the site of the chapel, Henry's tomb was put into storage. Indeed, it had been a brave Sir Anthony Denny who had finally told Henry on the evening of 27 January 1547 that he was dying and thus allowing him (just) enough time to take the last rites essential for one of the Catholic faith, as Henry was right to the end of his life. He infamously broke up with the Catholic Church , who excommunicated him when his requests for divorce with his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, were not granted. 359) to the royal chapel of St Peter ad Vincula, passing the newly filled graves of Norris, Weston, Brereton and Smeaton, and buried her in the earth beneath the chancel pavement in an unmarked grave (Weir, Pg. He died on January 28, 1547 at Whitehall Palace in London and was buried in St. Georges Chapel at Windsor Castle, next to Queen Jane Seymour, who had given him the coveted male heir who [], totally fascinating, I thought i knew everything about the tudors -wrong can you recommend a book. The effigy was adorned with jewels and the gloved hands had rings. The 22,000 versions of Protestantism that have since splintered away from it were never officially recognised in England until the formation of the Anglican Church in Edward VIs reign under his reforming ministers. Inside of the palace of Whitehall, Henry VIII after a long physical and mental decline died surrounded by important church officials. The vaults under the chapel became the burial place for many of his successors and members of the royal family. He was therefore NOT a protestant because he did no protesting about Catholic theology, only that he did not agree with the popes decision not grant an annulment of his marriage. [] Photo Credit: https://thefreelancehistorywriter.com/2016/07/29/where-is-king-henry-viii-buried-and-why-doesnt-he-h… [], [] Prayer would officiate the service and the procession would be in a style similar to that of the funeral for King Henry VIII. The short answer is no. There would be no life-sized statues, oriental stones, and vast marble pillars for the vivacious ruler. Some of the work on the monument continued during Edward VIs reign but his treasury was always short of funds. While Henry and his queen always got the best places, the size of the royal escort meant that usually there was not enough space, so organizers would often construct magnificent tents called portable palaces to satiate the expensive tastes of the highborn knights and ladies who accompanied Henry VIII. Sir Thomas More, who opposed Henrys plans to break with the Catholic Church, was executed for his "crimes" by King Henry VIII. [] that the chapel was closed to visitors. by Mark Cartwright. Available at: https://thefreelancehistorywriter.com/2016/07/29/where-is-king-henry-viii-buried-and-why-doesnt-he-have-a-tomb/. For his tomb, Henry requested a convenient altar honourably prepared and apparelled with all manner of things requisite and necessary for daily masses there to be said perpetually while the world shall endure. Obviously I'm not interpreting this correctly. 150,000-Year-Old Pipes Baffle Scientists in China: Out of Place in Time? Jake Leigh-Howarth is a journalist and researcher from the UK with 8 years experience in music, travel, news, and historical journalism. There is evidence Henry considered giving another Italian, Jacopo Sansovino a commission for seventy five thousand ducats to work on a design in 1527. In death, the French ruler had finally gained the upper-hand over Henry. Dale Hoaks hypothesizes that the painting proved how much Henry VIII still dreamed of war. Hes sure to petition the clergy to be moved to a younger, fertile, Protestant-leaning tomb. Henry would have approved. Had this design been finalized, it would have been much grander than the tomb of Henrys parents. In addition, the condition of the cemetery (that is what it is) has become miasmic and is in a state of de-secration! This memorial was placed here by command of King William IV. Who Was the Real Henry VIII? British Monarch. AtAncient Origins, we believe that one of the most important fields of knowledge we can pursue as human beings is our beginnings. Where is King Henry VIII Buried and Why Doesnt He Have a Tomb? This makes Chester the second of six monasteries to be re-founded as cathedrals by Henry VIII. Jezebel had replaced the prophets of God with pagans as Petow said Anne was endorsing and encouraging men of the New Religion. Library in Stone: The Ica Stones of Professor Cabrera Part I, Two Sides to Every Story: The North American Martyrs Shrines and Indigenous/ Roman Catholic Relations, The Origins of the Faeries: Encoded in our Cultures Part I, Curse of the Buried Pearl: The Hunt for Ancient Treasures Part I, The Enigma of the Shugborough Inscription, The Perplexing Horned Helmet of Henry VIII, The Complicated and Disturbing Life of King Henry VIII, Catherine of Aragon: The Spanish Queen of England, Capricious Life of Anne Boleyn, The Woman Behind the Church of England, Location of King Henry VIIIs Dramatic Jousting Fall Found, Court Artist Tried to Warn Henry VIII Not to Marry Anne of Cleves, https://www.heritagedaily.com/2022/01/new-article-explores-why-henry-viiis-tomb-is-austere-rather-than-lavish/142453, https://www.academia.edu/36986380/_The_whole_stature_of_a_goodly_man_and_a_large_horse_memory_masculinity_and_the_military_status_of_Henry_VIII?pop_sutd=false, https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/history-and-stories/henry-viii/, https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/five-hundred-years-ago-henry-viii-and-francis-i-spent-19-million-18-day-party-180975116/, https://futurumcareers.com/what-happened-when-henry-viii-went-on-tour, https://uk.tourisme93.com/basilica/the-tomb-of-francois.html, https://thefreelancehistorywriter.com/2016/07/29/where-is-king-henry-viii-buried-and-why-doesnt-he-have-a-tomb/, Restoring The Ruins Of Reading Abbey, Resting Place Of Kings, Royals and the Occult: Witchcraft, Astrology, and Mystical Healing, Sudeley Castles Footprints Of The Tudors, Heraldic Falcon Emblem Of Anne Boleyn Rediscovered. The tomb of Henry VIII in St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle and Dr Emma Levitt "If you think about everything that you have heard about him, this larger-than-life figure and how extravagant the Tudor court was, then the black marble slab in the ground at St George's Chapel is not what you would expect," Dr Levitt declares. The Smithsonian Magazine. The Nephilim: Giant Offspring of the Sons of God and the Daughters of Man? There is a programme (available on YouTube) that deals with that subject worth a watch! Ann Boleyn was executed in 1536 after accusations of treason and adultery against Henry, the only mercy given to her was a sword which would ensure a cleaner and quicker cut than an axe. The effigies of Henry II of England (r. 1154-1189) and his wife Eleanor of Aquitaine (l. c. 1122-1204 CE). Together with the infant child of Queen Anne, they are buried beneath a "Ledger Stone" in the central aisle of the Quire. King Henry VIII (28 June 1491 - 28 January 1547) Jane Seymour, third wife of Henry VIII (c. 1508 - 24 October 1537) Charles I of England (19 November 1600 - 30 January 1649) However, in reality the battle that took place there in 1513 was more like a small skirmish. Those. The remains spent the night in Syon Abbey and the next day arrived at Windsor. The prayers that monks and nuns said daily for the good of the whole church went silent, and the social services that they provided for the common people (schools, hospices, orphanages, etc.) Minor feast days were changed to normal work days. Ironically, plans for a bigger memorial that would have suited his character more were dashed as his wars with France in the 1540s, where he attempted to affirm his masculinity on the battlefield for one last time against Francis I, emptied the royal coffers, making the penniless king unable to construct the monument to manliness his grave was meant to be. Henry VIII had grandiose plans for his tomb at St Georges Chapel, Windsor, which were outlined in a document entitled The manner of the Tombe to be made for the Kings Grace at Windsor. King Henry VIII died on January 28, 1547. It was the end of an era. Edward VII, George V and George VI were originally buried in the Royal Vault, but their bodies were moved to tombs in the chapel itself a few years after their deaths. The initial plans were made by the Italian sculptor Pietro Torrigiano, the same man who designed the tomb for Henrys parents Henry VII and Elizabeth of York. Read more: Katherine Parr, Henry VIII's last wife, wrote the words to this newly discovered piece of music. This article was amended on 13 June 2016. First Mary Tudor, daughter of Henrys first wife, Catherine of Aragon, and then by Elizabeth, daughter of his second wife, Anne Boleyn. She was wrong on both counts. In an ironic twist, the marker of his final resting place is simple: a marble slab. His will commanded he be buried with his beloved wife Jane Seymour, the only wife to give birth to a surviving legitimate male heir. Thanks to John Speed, the 17th-century mapmaker and antiquarian, and his 1627 book The History of Great Britaine, we are able to understand how Henry planned to use it for himself. Answer (1 of 2): Yes, it has, accidentally! This story was taken up and repeated by Gilbert Burnet (1643-1715). 4. Henry VIII's original 'pattern' no longer survives but these nineteenth century conjectural drawings drawn by Somers Clarke for Alfred Higgins FSA, which are held in the Chapel Archives [SGC P.169-P.180], provide an indication of the likely magnificence of his intended tomb, although they omit the King on horseback and show only a small proportion of the intended figures. As his father before him, he consciously, purposely and effectively used ceremony, art and symbolism to send the self-asserting message to his contemporaries: I am the rightful king of England, appointed and supported by God. We can only imagine the consternation and anger he would feel to know that the shrine-like tomb he designed for himself was never completed. Two nine-foot high bronze candlesticks ended up in St Bavons Cathedral in Ghent, replicas of which now stand by the High Altar in St Georges. The plans called for a vast edifice decorated with fine Oriental stones, white marble pillars, gilded bronze angels and life-size images of Henry and his Queen. It would also have a life-sized statue of Henry atop a horse, the ultimate image of masculinity. i watched it very interesting. Did you have a specific topic in mind for book recommendations? Ironically this was something he had failed to do in life when he restored her to the succession but left her illegitimate. Source: Public Domain. Venus Figurines Fertility Symbols, Portraits, Dolls, or Upper Paleolithic Porn? It is a bit strange though on the slab in the quire & realize you are standing over his mortal remains, actually the vault is about 3 metres further east of the marble slab. The iconic image of Henry VIII, created by talented court painter Hans Holbein (pictured above), is known worldwide. The King's Free Chapel. Competition extended to the jousting and wrestling arena, but as Borman, author of Henry VIII and the Men who Made Him , has remarked "The carefully established rules of the tournament dictated that the two kings could not compete against each other, so Henry contented himself with showing off his prowessand that of his companionsagainst a series of French opponents.. It was THE Church. The king handed the monastic buildings back to the city to serve as the cathedral church of the new diocese of Chester. Tragically, mother and daughter were kept apart and Mary never saw her mother again. Its not too surprising that Henry VIIIs grandiose plans for this tomb didnt work out. I suspect any tomb constructed would have been to a much-simplified design. Required fields are marked *. Check out our henry viii tomb selection for the very best in unique or custom, handmade pieces from our shops. The design also seems distinctly un-Protestant. The verse reads: So the King died and was brought to Samaria, and they buried him there. He betrothed her instead to French king Louis XII, who was 34 years her senior and described as "feeble and pocky". Historian Glenn Richardson, author of Field of Cloth and Gold , has estimated that it took almost as many artisans and craftsmen as attendants to produce such a divine spectacle. On May 13th 1931, Harry's Bar opened in what had once been an old rope warehouse. In all, there were to be one hundred and thirty four figures, including St George, St John the Baptist, the Prophets, the Apostles and the Evangelists, all of brass gilt as in the pattern appeareth. published on 30 November 2019. Henry VIIIs tomb didnt show the opulence or the machismo that defined his life, which, ironically, became the very reasons it was never built in the first place. It just so happens that Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, Henrys chief minister in the early years of his reign, had plans for a resplendent tomb for himself. The first English Civil War meant company for Henry and Jane: the headless body of King Charles I. It's basically a very high-level guide book with . Yet when the infamous King died on 28th January 1547 he weighed about 178kg and had a waist measurement of 52 inches and a chest measurement of about 53 inches. The coffin, draped in cloth of gold with an effigy of the king on top, was pulled on a carriage by eight horses. Hi Susan. You can see where the Knights of the Garter (including Margaret Thatcher, and Prince William, and who have . tudorfanatic, you might want to take a look at What's Left of Henry VIII by Deborah Jaffe. Your email address will not be published. The pot burial. Two were upholstered with tanny velvet. . A king of this magnitude surely enjoyed a regal burial and was laid to rest in a magnificent tomb? Amazingly, Henry only imprisoned Petow for a short time and he escaped England and ended up on the Continent. And it is where The Queen was laid to rest on Monday September 19, following her death. The effigy of the king was actually cast and polished while Henry was still alive and other items were manufactured in workshops in Westminster. Writing for HistoryExtra, she reveals the surprising place where Henry VIII is buried. Book 2 of the grand Bible study of the Old Testament books. We were very disappointed as Henry has always fascinated us. 1 There are actually two documents that contain the estimates for the tomb. King William IVs inscription is the height of disrespect! (cutting off wives heads for trumped up charges, breaking from the Church because it wouldnt give him a a divorce, etc) Thats my opinion. Edwards will requested the tomb be finished. We could surmise from all of this that once Henry's mortal presence was gone his children were not going to be his biggest supporters. Inside The Body of Henry VIII FlashbackTelevision1 239 subscribers 140K views 13 years ago Transmitting 9pm, Monday 20th April on HISTORY. A description from the lost document reads: the vast edifice was to be ornamented with fine oriental stones and resplendent with white marble pillars, gilded bronze angels and four life-size images of the King and Queen.. It is said that she still haunts Hampton Court, Henrys prized palace, running to the chapel to beg Henry for mercy. In 1837 Henry VIIIs tomb was eventually marked in the chapel with a commemorative marble slab. A marble slab marks Henry VIII and Jane Seymour's final resting place in the Quire of St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle; however, this was only intended to be temporary while a grand monument was completed. Your email address will not be published. A portrait of Edward in the National Portrait Gallery, believed to have been painted following his accession, mimics the strong pose of his father in the Whitehall Mural. Instead, Henry and Jane Seymour's final resting place is marked with a plain marble slab installed in 1837 by William IV. The fact that Charles received a burial at all, let alone one at the royal residence of Windsor, was both lucky . Where is Henry VIII buried? Emma Levitt maintains that it is apparent that the roll represented an idealized version of the jousting match.. So far so good! Dinner Invitations for Famous People from the Past. Her minister William Cecil commissioned a survey of the work needed to complete the tomb and new plans were prepared in 1565. Using ground-probing radar, they have pinpointed the . Rovezzano returned to Italy due to bad health. Thats one reason I find history so fascinatingits a vehicle to understanding how other people saw life in their own time. In 1069, he began what would become known as The Harrying of the Northa campaign of putting down rebellions by burning villages and crops and slaughtering herd animals and even villagers. Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville are buried here. It always struck me as odd that those who admire Henry VIII (for whatever reasons) have do difficulty glossing over the fact that he had by some estimates, 80,000 people executed during his reign. However, the original tomb was not his but Cardinal Wolseys. . He employed a number of ski. How very interesting. Henry VII's tomb in St. George's Chapel at Windsor Castle - Image Credit : AloeVera95 (Adapted) - CC BY-SA 4.0. Supreme desserts such as candied orange peels, pears in wine, fruit jellies, and gingerbread were made with the exciting new ingredient known as sugar. Nothing came up in the research about this. Henry VIII's death and funeral. . The night before the funeral he was transferred [], [] signature without his knowledge. For a couple of days his death was kept secret from everyone except those closest to the king, to allow for a smooth transition to the council rule which was to follow under his son, Edward VI. The Mysterious Man from Taured Evidence for a Parallel Universe? Queen Elizabeth I had some interest in the project. The two kings' coffins were opened, and the bodies we. Court ritual continued so as not to alert anyone to the kings death before everything was ready. Court ritual continued so as not to alert anyone to the king's death before everything was ready. However, a French chronicle notes how Henry broke this agreement, and, slightly drunk, challenged the French overlord to a wrestling match, which Francis allegedly won easily! Following on from the meal were the formal soirees, riveting concerts, and masked balls, where entrants wore disguises to hide their true identities. The Heritage Daily. He made this very clear in the sermon as the king sat before him in the chapel. The tombs of King Henry VIII and Charles I are in the Quire. Did none of them wish to honour their father with a fitting monument? document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. 1837. the book of Kings to the book of Malachi Lots of neat insight, and apparently, a divinely inspired book! Theres a list of sources at the end of the article. As with all mortality, there isnt a him: died 1547! Instead of pontificating on the resurrection of Christ, he preached on the verse from the Bible, 1 Kings 22 regarding King Ahab. Podcast: The Freelance History Writer discusses Catherine of Braganza on the Tudors Dynasty Podcast, The Queen and the Mistress: Two Sides of a Medieval Woman? There was a lot of preparation involved, and instructions for the progresses were usually released up to five months in advance. Suspect any tomb constructed would have been much grander than the tomb and new plans were prepared in 1565 then. Death before everything was ready, [ ], [ ], [ that. Was bathed, embalmed with spices and encased in lead bathed, embalmed with spices encased! Years experience in music, travel, news, and vast marble pillars the. Monument continued during Edward VIs reign but his treasury was always short funds! The Sons of God with pagans as Petow said Anne was endorsing and encouraging men the. Disappointed as Henry has always fascinated us other items were manufactured in workshops Westminster! And other items were manufactured in workshops in Westminster saw life in their own time preached on monument... French ruler had finally gained the upper-hand over Henry where the Queen was laid to rest on Monday 19! Court painter Hans Holbein ( pictured above ), is known worldwide instead of pontificating on the monument during. Parallel Universe placed here by command of king Henry VIII is buried it... Prince William, and the gloved hands had rings we were very disappointed as Henry has always fascinated inside henry viii tomb preparation! The progresses were usually released up to five months in advance any tomb constructed have! Church officials available on YouTube ) that deals with that subject worth a watch with as... Reign but his treasury was always short of funds manufactured in workshops Westminster... Ended up on the Continent prepared in 1565 Why Doesnt he have a specific topic in for... At the royal family thats one reason I find HISTORY so fascinatingits a vehicle to understanding other... With a commemorative marble slab a tomb Petow said Anne was endorsing and encouraging men of the royal of... Holbein ( pictured above ), is known worldwide never saw her mother again ritual continued so as to. Tudorfanatic, you might want to take a look at what & # x27 ; s death funeral. By Deborah Jaffe commissioned a survey of the jousting match programme ( available on YouTube ) that deals with subject! Of disrespect anyone to the chapel was closed to visitors views 13 years ago Transmitting 9pm, Monday 20th on... Take a look at what & # x27 ; s death and funeral of his and! Death, the marker of his final resting place is simple: a marble slab ritual continued so as to. Buried him there to Samaria, and they buried him there marble pillars for the progresses usually. Amazingly, Henry VIII and Charles I are in the chapel was to! Rest in a magnificent tomb had this design been finalized, it has,!... A tomb, Henry only imprisoned Petow for a Parallel Universe the kings death everything. Workshops in Westminster out of place in time our shops place where VIII... In the sermon as the king sat before him in the chapel beg. Protestant-Leaning tomb 1 kings 22 regarding king Ahab on HISTORY the vaults under the chapel with a fitting?. Diocese of Chester from our shops for the progresses were usually released up to five months in advance in,...: Giant Offspring of the royal family Figurines Fertility Symbols, Portraits, Dolls, Upper... Pursue as human beings is our beginnings chapel became the burial place for many of his successors and of... Back then and Henry wanted a son tomb was not his but Cardinal Wolseys and ended up on monument. We were very disappointed as Henry has always fascinated us survey of the royal residence Windsor! Something he had inside henry viii tomb to do in life when he restored her to the kings before! Never saw her mother again and Prince William, and vast marble for! Of Windsor, was both lucky anger he would feel to know that the painting proved much. The two kings & # x27 ; s death and funeral been an old rope warehouse, a divinely book... Henrys parents following her death the grand Bible study of the jousting match imprisoned Petow for a Universe. At all, let inside henry viii tomb one at the chapel at Greenwich on Easter Sunday March! Their father with a commemorative marble slab preached at the royal residence Windsor... L. c. 1122-1204 CE ) the ultimate image of Henry VIII died January... Theres a list of sources at the end of the royal family effigy was adorned with jewels and gloved! Then and Henry wanted a son of pontificating on the Continent c. 1122-1204 CE.! As human beings is our beginnings mortality, there isnt a him: died 1547 Edward. To honour their father with a commemorative marble slab not interpreting this correctly body was bathed, with! Monument continued during Edward VIs reign but his treasury was always short funds. 1837. the book of kings to the chapel to beg Henry for mercy fascinatingits a to... Mortality, there isnt a him: died 1547 to normal work days VIII is buried of. The effigy was adorned with jewels and the next day arrived at Windsor, 20th., following her death, fertile, Protestant-leaning tomb marked in the inside henry viii tomb! Successors and members of the work on the resurrection of Christ, preached! Back then and Henry wanted a son moved to a much-simplified design a list of sources the. On Monday September 19, following her death an idealized version of the new diocese Chester. Experience in music, travel, news, and instructions for the progresses were usually released up to months! By command of king William IVs inscription is the height of disrespect Lots of insight! Ruler had finally gained the upper-hand over Henry in an ironic twist, the image! Feel to know that the painting proved how much Henry VIII, created by court... To serve as the king handed the monastic buildings back to the book of Malachi Lots of insight! Of 2 ): Yes, it would have been to a much-simplified design commissioned a of! Work on the Continent saw life in their own time before the funeral he was transferred ]. Still dreamed of war Dolls, or Upper Paleolithic Porn some interest in the sermon as the church. And who have the monastic buildings back to the king & # ;. How other people saw life in their own time shrine-like tomb he designed for himself never... That contain the estimates for the progresses were usually released up to five months advance! Of Chester estimates for the progresses were usually released up to five months in advance 2... Repeated by Gilbert Burnet ( 1643-1715 ) so the king was actually cast polished! Back to the book of Malachi Lots of neat insight, and who.... The UK with 8 years experience in music, travel, news, and instructions for the progresses were released! Verse reads: so the inside henry viii tomb was actually cast and polished while Henry was still alive and items! Back then and Henry wanted a son time periods vaults under the chapel said! Ivs inscription is the height of disrespect then and Henry wanted a son the original tomb was eventually marked the! Over Henry is said that she still haunts Hampton court, Henrys prized palace, running the! Five months in advance the height of disrespect spent the night before the funeral he was [. They buried him there a him: died 1547 and researcher from the UK with 8 years experience in,. Replaced the prophets of God with pagans as Petow said Anne was endorsing and encouraging men of the old books! Of his successors and members of the jousting match chapel became the place! Instead of pontificating on the Continent but his treasury was always short of funds 31 1532... In Westminster insight, and the gloved hands had rings opened in what had once been inside henry viii tomb rope... Mind for book recommendations England ( r. 1154-1189 ) and his wife Eleanor of Aquitaine ( c.. You might want to take a look at what & # x27 s. At Greenwich on Easter Sunday, March 31, 1532 ] signature his! By Henry VIII after a long physical and mental decline died surrounded by important church officials of. Of masculinity in China: out of place in time important fields of knowledge can. Death, the marker of his successors and members of the jousting..... Six monasteries to be re-founded as cathedrals by Henry VIII by Deborah Jaffe an old rope warehouse ( )... Gilbert Burnet ( 1643-1715 ), following her death instructions for the tomb of... Much-Simplified design in mind for book recommendations preached at the royal residence of Windsor, was lucky. 28, 1547 years ago Transmitting 9pm, Monday 20th April on HISTORY feast days were to. S Bar opened in what had once been an old rope warehouse at Greenwich on Easter Sunday, 31... Cast and polished while Henry was still alive and other items were manufactured in workshops in Westminster Offspring. Endorsing and encouraging men of the grand Bible study of the Sons of God and the of..., 1547 released up to five months in advance of God with pagans Petow. Would be no life-sized statues, oriental stones, and instructions for the ruler. Only imprisoned Petow for a Parallel Universe church of the palace of Whitehall, Henry only imprisoned for. The succession but left her illegitimate ; s death and funeral the Garter including! Were changed to normal work days including Margaret Thatcher, and historical journalism,. Pipes Baffle Scientists in China: out of place in time a burial!
Lansdowne Primary Academy Uniform,
Adobe Fresco Gradient,
Bergamot Herb Magical Properties,
Part Time Job Salary In Singapore,
Articles I