Of those forces that had seen action during the previous fighting, the majority were under-strength and under-equipped. The 1942 battle ended with 140,000 troops and citizens in Singapore captured, wounded or killed Around 80,000 British, Indian and Australian troops based in Singapore became Prisoners of War. A further 1500 women and children left early in the New Year and a final large contingent of 4000 departed in four passenger liners in late January 1942. By midnight, the two Japanese divisions fired star shell to indicate to their commander that they had secured their initial objectives and by 01:00 they were well established. Please try your request again later. Early in February, 1942, Professor G. A. Ransome spoke to me about his plans to try and escape to the Dutch East Indies if the Japanese should capture Singapore. [59] Also in support was a light tank brigade. [38] Lieutenant-General Arthur Percival, commander of the garrison, had 85,000 soldiersthe equivalent, on paper at least, of just over four divisions. In December 1940, the Germans handed over copies of the papers to the Japanese. Were glad you found a book that interests you! But help was at hand. It left a scar on his mind. [63][64], Blowing up the causeway had delayed the Japanese attack for over a week. This is without a doubt the most boring WWII book I've come across. Please use a different way to share. The three set off in a motor car bearing a Union Jack and a white flag of truce toward the enemy lines to discuss a cessation of hostilities. Those ashore on Pompong, with some supplies, were estimated at about 200 women and children, 30 to 40 civilian men and 400 from the three services, which included many with severe injuries. Now with a critical shortage of vessels volunteers were called for to see if Perak could be readied to make another voyage. On passage she met the armed merchant cruiser HMS Kedahwhich had sailed two days previously laden with evacuees. Singapore controlled the main shipping channel between the Indian and the Pacific Oceans. Communication and leadership failures beset the Allies and there were few defensive positions or reserves near the beachhead. This old steamer, built in 1906, was now lying abandoned in Tandjong Priok, her native crew having deserted. For Australia too, the fall of Singapore was a disaster. About 6,000 survived until they could be liberated by Australian and US forces in 19431945, as the war in the Pacific turned in favour of the Allies. The June 2019 edition of this magazine contained an article The Naval Evacuation of Singapore February 1942 which lists MV Kembong amongst forty-five vessels that escaped. There was then a further dangerous voyage through waters controlled by Japanese warships and submarines to the safety of Colombo for British, and Fremantle for the Australian, personnel. [30][31] A determined counter-attack by the 5/11th Sikh Regiment (Lieutenant-Colonel John Parkin) in the area of Niyor, near Kluang, on 25 January and an ambush around the Nithsdale Estate by the 2/18th Australian Battalion on 26/27 January bought valuable time and permitted East Force, based on the 22nd Australian Brigade (Brigadier Harold Taylor), to withdraw from eastern Johor (formerly Johore). Instead, our system considers things like how recent a review is and if the reviewer bought the item on Amazon. [124][125] The Japanese largely avoided attacking the Australian perimeter but in the northern area, the British 53rd Infantry Brigade was pushed back by a Japanese assault up the Thompson Road and had to fall back north of Braddell Road in the evening, joining the rest of the 18th Infantry Division in the line. They were supported by seven obsolete aircraft, one elderly destroyer, two gunboats and eight motor torpedo boats (MTBs). ALSO INCLUDES CORRESPONDENCE TO HIS FAMILY AND LATER NEWS CUTTINGS Learn more how customers reviews work on Amazon. According to author Alan Warren, the Fall of Singapore shattered "the British Empire's illusion of permanence and strength", ultimately making "European empires in Asia unsustainable beyond the short term" and presaging the end of colonialism in the region in the post war period. Both ships were attacked by aircraft in the Banka Straits with Dragonflyhit three times, sinking quickly. On the morning of 12 February naval personnel were told they would be embarking in half-a-dozen small ships later that evening. The ship later sailed to Colombo and served as a hospital ship in Burma. They get split up en route, but make it to Sumatra, where there are loads of other escapes and refugees. Singapore was the foremost British military base and economic port in SouthEast Asia and had been of great importance to British interwar defence strategy. (31st January 1942 British and Commonwealth forces withdrew from the mainland to Singapore) My mother and two younger sisters (Audrey and Ann) left Singapore on December 22nd (the same day as. Copyright 2023 Kirkus Media LLC. The main weight of the Japanese force, about 13,000 men, from 16 assault battalions, with five in reserve, attacked the 22nd Australian Brigade. Although buzzed by enemy aircraft she was unmolested and made the safety of Tanjung Priok1. The presence of the prison camp is said to have shielded the town of Barth from Allied bombing. [22], Force Z, consisting of the battleship HMSPrince of Wales, the battlecruiser HMSRepulse and four destroyers, sailed north out of Singapore on 8 December to oppose expected Japanese landings along the coast of Malaya. [32][33][34] On 31 January, the last Commonwealth forces crossed the causeway linking Johor and Singapore and engineers blew it up. Preview. During the Japanese Occupation (1942-45), it was used by the Japanese Imperial Army to hold Australian and British prisoners-of-war (POWs). Naval Historical Society of Australia Inc. By late February 1942 thousands of men, women and children were crowded here where they were prioritised for transshipment by the occasional merchantman and warships that called. Ying Pingwas first bombed with some damage but continued to the Banka Strait where she was shelled by an enemy cruiser. He proposed two options: an immediate counter-attack to regain the reservoirs and the military food depots around Bukit Timah, or surrender. [22] The Imperial Japanese Army Air Force was more numerous and better trained than the second-hand assortment of untrained pilots and inferior Commonwealth equipment remaining in Malaya, Borneo and Singapore. [161], Nearly 85,000 British, Indian and Commonwealth troops were captured, in addition to losses during the earlier fighting in Malaya. The rest of the crew, with little seafaring experience, were from Dalforce. Despite their numerical inferiority, they advanced down the Malayan Peninsula, overwhelming the defences. In February 1942 Geoffrey Charles Whitaker was a retired RN officer on the Emergency List living in Singapore. Copy and paste this code into your Wikipedia page. [175] Yamashita was tried by a US military commission for war crimes but not for crimes committed by his troops in Malaya or Singapore. The Highlanders, who had trained in jungle warfare, fought well against the Japanese, until they too were overwhelmed. [57] Much of the equipment and resources of the garrison had been incorrectly allocated to the north east sector, where the most complete and freshest formationthe 18th Infantry Divisionwas deployed, while the depleted 8th Australian Division sector with two of its three brigades had no serious fixed defensive works or obstacles. [95] As parties of Japanese troops began to infiltrate the brigade's positions from the west, exploiting the gap formed by the Kranji River, the 2/26th Battalion was forced to withdraw to a position east of the Bukit Timah Road; this move precipitated a sympathetic move by the 2/30th away from the causeway. Table of Contents The island was re-occupied in Operation Tiderace by British, Indian and Australian forces following the surrender of Japan in September. After sailing for one day she was torpedoed by Japanese submarine I-4with no known survivors. As part of the Singapore strategy, the base formed a key part of British interwar defence planning for the region. Alices nephew is CMDR Mike Storrs RAN Rtd. Possessing only the 2/26th and 2/30th, following the transfer of the 2/29th Battalion to the 22nd Brigade, Maxwell sought to reorganise his force to deal with the threat posed to the western flank. [99] On the evening of 10 February, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, cabled Wavell, I think you ought to realise the way we view the situation in Singapore. With the decision taken to relocate major royal naval assets to Java, most naval personnel were evacuated in MV Empire Staron 12 February. [62] The Australians requested the shelling of these positions to disrupt the Japanese preparations but the patrol reports were later ignored by Malaya Command as being insignificant, based upon the belief that the real assault would come in the north-eastern sector, not the north-west. These recordings can be accessed through Apple iTunes or for Android users, Stitcher. We have new and used copies available, in 1 editions - starting at $3.98. Magazine Subscribers (How to Find Your Reader Number). [19][20], At the start of the campaign, the Commonwealth forces had only 164 first-line aircraft in Malaya and Singapore and the only fighter type was the sub-standard Brewster 339E Buffalo. The British destroyed the causeway, forcing the Japanese into an improvised crossing of the Johore Strait. [71] The initial fighting cost the Australians many casualties, the 2/20th, losing 334 men killed and 214 wounded. The surviving garrison was marched into Japanese prison camps, some never to return. [75], In December 51 Hawker Hurricane Mk II fighters were sent to Singapore, with 24 pilots, the nuclei of five squadrons. With only a few Navy men and a Merchant Marine among them, and no navigation gear, they make their way to what they hope is safety, where they are reabsorbed into the military machine. The growth of this list from small beginnings is the result of people contacting me via the Cofepow website and contributing further information. The Japanese had broken the British Army's codes and in January 1941, the Second Department (the intelligence-gathering arm) of the Imperial Army interpreted and read a message from Singapore to London complaining in much detail about the weak state of "Fortress Singapore", a message so frank in its admission of weakness that the Japanese at first suspected it was a British plant, believing that no officer would be so open in admitting weaknesses to his superiors. Please try again. Twenty-two others escaped the island after rebuilding a native vessel but were captured and returned to Singapore as POWs. The British outnumbered the Japanese but much of the water for the island was drawn from reservoirs on the mainland. [157] While impressed with Japan's quick succession of victories, Adolf Hitler reportedly had mixed views regarding Singapore's fall, seeing it as a setback for the "white race" but ultimately something that was in Germany's military interests. With the Russians fighting as they are and the Americans so stubborn at Luzon, the whole reputation of our country and our race is involved. [12], The Japanese 25th Army invaded Malaya from Indochina, moving into northern Malaya and Thailand by amphibious assault on 8 December 1941. . An apt description of the commander, Major General Henry (Gordon) Bennett, found in a Veterans Affairs publication, (Moremon & Reid 2002) reads: A prominent citizen soldier, he had proven himself in World War I to be a fierce fighter and leader, but he was well known for his prickly temperament, argumentative nature and proneness to quarrel. Though his mind had been gradually prepared for its fall, the surrender of the fortress stunned him. [154], A classified wartime report by Wavell released in 1992 blamed the Australians for the loss of Singapore. [89] Bennett decided to form a secondary defensive line, known as the "Kranji-Jurong Switch Line" facing west between the two rivers, with its centre around Bulim, east of Tengah Airfieldwhich subsequently came under Japanese controland just north of Jurong. During the first night 13,000 Japanese troops landed and were followed by another 10,000 after first light. In February 1942, out of approximately 40,000 Indian personnel in Singapore, about 30,000 joined the INA, of which about 7,000 fought Commonwealth forces in the Burma Campaign and in the northeast Indian regions of Kohima and Imphal; others became POW camp guards at Changi. [118][119] The Japanese captured the water reservoirs that supplied the town but did not cut off the supply. While the presence of a Japanese Fleet, bound for Sumatra, was known to the Dutch it was nolongerpossibletopassthisinformationto Admiral Spooner. Pether, Michael, Extensive research papers & web sites,Auckland, 2018. With necessary repairs he found that the 1934 built fishing vessel Kofoku Maru (Happiness), with a copper sheathed teak hull and German diesel engine, was a very sound craft and he recruited eight Chinese to crew her. After ML310was attacked by enemy ships she grounded on Tjebia Island about 30 miles north of Banka Strait. Brief content visible, double tap to read full content. [96] The Japanese were given a firm foothold to "build up their force unopposed". The General, accompanied by his ADC, Lieutenant Gordon Walker, and staff officer Major Charles Moses3plus some Malaysian officers arranged to hire a junk. They get buzzed by a Zero that inexplicably doesn't fire, they get fired upon by a Zero who inexplicably doesn't finish them off, they meet a drunken Dutchman, they eat poorly (but not _that_ poorly), tempers fray, etc. Only 24 Australian Army nurses survived the bombings, massacre and POW captivity. As they had destroyed all code books the Rear Admiral Malaya was thereafter unable to read signals. Commanders and senior officers should die with their troops. [172] An unknown number were taken to Japanese-occupied areas in the South Pacific as forced labour. The Japanese authorities were suspicious of the Chinese because of the Second Sino-Japanese War, and murdered thousands of citizen "undesirables" (mostly ethnic Chinese) in the Sook Ching massacre. This perimeter would be used to block Allied attempts to regain the lost territory and defeat their will to fight. Dutch officials were appalled at their unruly behavior and could not wait to be rid of their unwelcome guests. Japanese authorities asked that she be moved away from the proximity of legitimate shipping targets. The Dalforce irregulars, also known as Dalleys Desperadoes, were mainly local businessmen with some limited military service. With a makeshift crew Li Wo cast off with 84 passengers and crew and made for the Banka Strait. The Japanese held Singapore until the end of the war. When the first bombs fell on Singapore the evacuation began in earnest with torrents of people desperately seeking passage in the next available ship. Follow authors to get new release updates, plus improved recommendations. [149] Many British units were reported to have been similarly affected. Yamashita also accepted full responsibility for the lives of the civilians in the city. Free shipping for many products! Lynette Silver (Silver 1990) is more precise: Rather than face the prospect of spending the rest of the war in prison, many chose to take the perilous journey across the sea to Sumatra, the only escape route now open. As it starts, it's not really obvious whether it's a novel or narrative, since it's all told third person. [116], On 13 February, Japanese engineers repaired the road over the causeway and more tanks were pushed across. Date 8-15 February 1942 Location Singapore, Straits Settlements The escape from Singapore Creator Gough, Richard, 1956-Subject Great Britain. With that in mind, thoughts of evacuation were therefore unnecessary. [94], Communication problems caused further cracks in the Commonwealth defence. Some died during the night as a result of their treatment. Grasshopperwas hit twice and set on fire but her captain managed to beach her on nearby Sebayer Islands. [39][f] Of this figure, 15,000 men were employed in supply, administrative, or other non-combatant roles. Survivors from this closely knit unit stayed together and some managed to escape whilst others were taken into custody. Something went wrong. After four days at sea they were sighted by the Singapore Harbour Services Launch Tern which took the General and his two aides inshore. Over the course of two hours, the three Australian battalions that had been engaged sought to regroup, moving back east from the coast towards the centre of the island, which was completed mainly in good order. [52], Most of Singapore's BL 15-inch Mk I naval guns could be traversed north and were used to engage the Japanese. This reduced the number she could carry to about 25 plus five crew. Financial constraints had hampered construction efforts during the intervening period and shifting strategic circumstances had largely undermined the key premises behind the strategy by the time war had broken out in the Pacific. HMAS Sydney II and the HSK Kormoran Shipwreck Sites, Admiralty House, Garden and Fortifications, Royal Australian Naval Transmitting Station ACT, 81st. Read honest and unbiased product reviews from our users. [120] Earlier that day, Percival had issued orders to destroy all secret and technical equipment, ciphers, codes, secret documents and heavy guns. Life on the Line Podcasts Brief content visible, double tap to read full content. [83], Air battles went on for the rest of the day and by nightfall it was clear that with the few aircraft Percival had left, Kallang could no longer be used as a base. : The papers included information about the weakness of the Singapore base. With the aid of a Dutch pilot they then followed Kembong in convoy. By 5 pm a scratch crew and passengers, which now included LTCOL McKerron, had been assembled, totaling about 30 men. Search the history of over 778 billion Life on the Line tracks down Australian war veterans and records their stories. Of the few survivors eight were picked up by the Japanese and later six more were found by the steamer Mata Hari. 3 Charles Moses served in the British infantry during WWI. Wah Suiembarked a further 300 wounded, plus nurses, and sailed on 10 February. 232 Squadron RAF was formed and No. Major Geoffrey Rowly-Conwy of the Royal Artillery refuses to obey an order to surrender to the Japanese as they close in on Singapore. Straits Times: Malayas Fishery Ice-Box, 28 July 1937. [97][66] After finding his left flank exposed by the withdrawal of the 27th Brigade, the commander of the 11th Indian Infantry Division, Key, dispatched the 8th Indian Infantry Brigade from reserve, to retake the high ground to the south of the Causeway. For his leadership in the fighting withdrawal, Anderson was awarded the Victoria Cross. Discounts, promotions, and special offers on best-selling magazines. The airfields at Tengah, Seletar and Sembawang were in range of Japanese artillery at Johor Bahru. 14 day loan required to access PDF files. Immediately following surrender of the garrison by Lieutenant General Arthur Percival on the evening of Sunday 15 February 1942, Major General Bennett handed over his command to Brigadier Cecil Callaghan and executed an escape plan (Bennett 1944). [66] The bombardment of the Australians was not seen as a prelude to attackMalaya Command believed that it would last several days and would later switch its focus to the north-east, despite its ferocity exceeding anything the Allies had experienced thus far in the campaign; no order was passed to the Commonwealth artillery units to bombard possible Japanese assembly areas. [43], Percival gave Major-General Gordon Bennett's two brigades from the 8th Australian Division responsibility for the western side of Singapore, including the prime invasion points in the northwest of the island. A yarn of adventure in Southeast Asia and the Indian Ocean. Later they were flown to Batavia and from there to Australia. How came 100,000 men (half of them of our own race) to hold up their hands to inferior numbers of Japanese? We are sorry. I think many of us felt at the time that it was yet another example of the lack of firm leadership. [53][54][g] Percival incorrectly guessed that the Japanese would land forces on the north-east side of Singapore, ignoring advice that the north-west was a more likely direction of attack (where the Straits of Johor were the narrowest and a series of river mouths provided cover for the launching of water craft). Produced by the Naval Studies Group in conjunction with the Submarine Institute of Australia, the Australian Naval Institute, Naval Historical Society and the RAN Seapower Centre. Although the 25th Army was outnumbered by Commonwealth forces in Malaya and Singapore, they did not take the initiative with their forces while Japanese commanders concentrated theirs. Print length 198 pages Language English Publisher Scribner Publication date January 1, 1974 There was considerable loss of life and casualties from both vessels, and most survivors were captured. This podcast series examines Australias Naval history, featuring a variety of naval history experts from the Naval Studies Group and elsewhere. Bring your club to Amazon Book Clubs, start a new book club and invite your friends to join, or find a club thats right for you for free. ESCAPE FROM SINGAPORE, 1942 The Story of an Incredible Voyage through Enemy Waters Skidmore, Ian 3 ratings by Goodreads ISBN 10: 0684136384/ISBN 13: 9780684136387 Published by Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1974 Hardcover Save for Later FromRare Book Cellar(Pomona, NY, U.S.A.) AbeBooks Seller SinceNovember 24, 2001 [144] Following the surrender, Bennett caused controversy when he decided to escape. [157] About 5,000 men were killed or wounded, a majority of whom were Australian. That afternoon the Admiral called a meeting in his office at Fort Canning and told us that the decision that Singapore could not hold out had been agreed and orders had been given for the remaining naval and Air Force personnel, as well as selected Army technicians, to leave that evening (Pool 1987). Arrival at the RAF Base was timely as with enemy advances it was due to be evacuated with personnel and aircraft transferred to Java. She was later sold to Chinese shipping interests. On 11 November 1940 the German raider Atlantisencountered the Blue Funnel liner Automedon. In the early afternoon McKerron and the Vlielands were joined by an old friend, Commander C. P. Robinson, the Deputy Master Attendant (Deputy Harbour Master). A boarding party discovered a small weighted bag destined to have been thrown overboard. In Haifa she was converted to a hospital ship and later served in the Burma campaign before being returned to her owners in 1945. [72], The air campaign for Singapore began during the invasion of Malaya. There must at this stage be no thought of saving the troops or sparing the population. With only a few Navy men and a Merchant Marine among them, and no navigation gear, they make their way to what they hope is safety, where they are reabsorbed into the military machine. [160], The loss of Singapore, along with other defeats in Southeast Asia in 1942, reduced British prestige in the region. They dug in and throughout the night fierce fighting raged on the northern front. The June 2019 edition of this magazine contained an article The Naval Evacuation of Singapore - February 1942which lists MV Kembongamongst forty-five vessels that escaped. The next day, as the situation worsened for the Commonwealth, they sought to consolidate their defences; during the night of 12/13 February, the order was given for a 28mi (45km) perimeter to be established around Singapore City at the eastern end of the island. When the junk did not arrive the ADC swam to a sampan and guided her inshore, allowing the party to cross to Johore. Just short of Sumatra she was bombed and sunk when about 150 survivors made Banka Island. [58], As the landing craft closed on the Australian positions, machine gunners from the 2/4th Machine Gun Battalion, interspersed amongst the rifle companies, opened fire. About 80,000 British, Indian, Australian and local troops became prisoners of war, joining the 50,000 taken in Malaya and many died of neglect, abuse or forced labour. Of these, more than 7000 would die as prisoners of war. The first embarkation was to be made as soon after dark as possible in order to allow all craft to clear Singapore and its approaches before daylight the following morning. [77] Operated by the four squadrons of No. This edition doesn't have a description yet. The resistance put up by the company from the 2/19th pushed the follow-on waves of Japanese craft to land around the mouth of Murai River, which resulted in them creating a gap between the 2/19th and 2/18th battalions. A British lieutenantacting as an envoy with a white flagapproached Japanese forces but was killed with a bayonet. There's nothing particularly thrilling or gripping in the whole book, and it's time poorly spent. From there the Japanese launched two concerted attacks against the 2/18th, which were met with massed fire before they overwhelmed the Australians by weight of numbers. [143], Under the terms of the surrender, hostilities were to cease at 20:30 that evening, all military forces in Singapore were to surrender unconditionally, all Commonwealth forces would remain in position and disarm themselves within an hour, and the British were allowed to maintain a force of 1,000 armed men to prevent looting until relieved by the Japanese. Shortly afterwards Percival allocated the composite 6th/15th Indian Infantry Brigade to reinforce the Australians from their position around the Singapore racecourse. [155] At Gemas, Bakri and Jemaluang, "they achieved the few outstanding tactical successes" of the campaign in Malaya and although the Australians made up 13 per cent of the British Empire's ground forces, they suffered 73 per cent of its battle deaths. [105][106] The fighting strength of the 22nd Brigadewhich had borne the brunt of the Japanese attackshad been reduced to a few hundred men and the Japanese had captured the Bukit Timah area, including the main food and fuel depots of the garrison. Preview Book During the battle for Singapore the battalion was engaged in heavy fighting for 20 hours before being overrun by the enemy. [56] The two Australian brigades were subsequently allocated a very wide frontage of over 11mi (18km) and were separated by the Kranji River. Scorpionmade her escape on 9 February and suffered air attacks but was able to continue until encountering the Japanese cruiser Yuraand two destroyers when she was sunk. The German raider Atlantisencountered the Blue Funnel liner Automedon how customers reviews work on Amazon withdrawal, Anderson was the. Was re-occupied in Operation Tiderace by British, Indian and the military food depots around Timah... 7000 would die as prisoners of war held Singapore until the end of the Singapore base figure, 15,000 were! Seven obsolete aircraft, one elderly destroyer, two gunboats and eight motor torpedo (. F ] of this List from small beginnings is the result of their unwelcome guests work Amazon. Raged on the northern front ] many British units were reported to have been similarly.... The Rear Admiral Malaya was thereafter unable to read signals there 's nothing particularly thrilling or in! 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