The 2010 eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull volcano caused so much trouble to air traffic with its ash plume because of the jagged particles of ash that formed when magma came into contact wi However, 14 households were unavailable during the interview and questionnaire dissemination period, which was conducted over 10 days in August 2010. Eyjafjallajkull Volcano, Iceland 2010. However, the changing social landscape will test this phenomenon. The kids they can learn everything. Almannavarnadeild Rkislgreglustjrinn (2017) Emergency Evacuationrfajkull. Its all going very well in a way but its a huge change because the tourists have multiplied - there are a lot more tourists here than there used to be three years ago. Furthermore, the regions mobile communication network is much improved to that used during the Eyjafjallajkull eruption. That is, our study does not incorporate perspectives on long-term impacts and how they may influence peoples decision-making during a future event due to ongoing physical and mental health impacts. Aggregated migration data is presented for South Iceland from 19862016 (i.e., the time period available from Statistics Iceland). The It was very good (O). Migration into the South region (Statistics Iceland, 2017b). The tourism industry, however, is rapidly growing, with the South attracting the highest number of visitors outside the capital region (Bird et al., 2016). The day after the eruption we felt the ash come over here and it was completely dark. Iceland: volcanic eruption prompts European Red Cross response Format News and Press Release Source. Health effects inlcude respiratory problems, eye problems, and skin irritiation. lftaver lies within the eastern jkulhlaup hazard zone for a Katla eruption and was the first community to be blanketed by ash fall during the Eyjafjallajkull summit eruption. Climate change is the result of natural and human factors, and has a range of effects: Evidence for climate change from the beginning of the Quaternary period to the present day. Setting In spring 2010, the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajkull erupted. But still I say the evacuation was necessary because I think what makes everything so easy and organised and good is people obey the authorities. Furthermore, residents were not kept at the evacuation centre any longer than needed. This loss was most keenly felt in the male age group 017 years (loss of 0.72). 27% of respondents reported receiving news of the summit eruption from DCPEM/police. J Behav Med 10:481500, Wisner B, Blaikie P, Cannon T, Davis I (2004) At risk: natural hazards, peoples vulnerability, and disasters. However, the changing economic, demographic and political landscape will test this phenomenon. Available: http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Samfelag/Samfelag__vinnumarkadur__3_arstolur/VIN01111.px. These communities were targeted due to their exposure to volcanic hazards during the 2010 eruptions/their locations in relation to Katlas jkulhlaup hazard zones (for details on the hazard zones, see Bird et al., 2011). We have a similar amount of policemen as we had in 2004 (O). Average sentiment (where 1=not at all and 5=completely) in regards to respondents levels of trust in information from various sources about a future Katla eruption (n2008=19, n2010=5458). Health Promot Int 24:1625, Sigursson O, Sigursson G, Bjrnsson BB, Pagneux EP, Zphnasson S, Einarsson B, rarinsson , Jhannesson T (2011) Flood warning system and jkulhlaups-Eyjafjallajkull [Online]. Yet, most residents showed respect for authority and acknowledged the necessity of the evacuations. In order to capture the changing structure and situation in South Iceland in more detail, demographic data held by Statistics Iceland was accessed from www.statice.is and analysed using Microsoft Excel. That means the 7-day shutdown of much of Europe's air traffic ordered by civil aviation authorities, which affected 10 million passengers and cost between 1.5 billion and 2.5 billion, was likely worth it. . The ash plume from the eruption reached as high as 7km into the air, and the glass-rich ash caused major disruptions in air travel. Eyjafjallajkull is a 500m long fissure volcano , that erupts basalt. This greater complexity will inevitably create greater challenges for the local police and DCPEM. The intense ash-producing eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull volcano in 2010 was the result of an explosive interaction between hot magma and cold glacial melt water. 3)an observation that is supported by verbatim quotes presented in the previous sections. Hazard management of the Iceland eruption With a changing population, exponential growth in tourism and a volcanic eruption on average every 34 years, disaster risk research is of critical importance. The. In this instance, emergency managers need to be aware of normalisation bias, where individuals believe they are able to cope with a future (larger) event, based on a past experience of coping with a previous (smaller) event (Paton et al., 2001). As Bird et al., (2010) found, foreigners are often not aware of the fact that volcanoes lie underneath some of Icelands glaciers and as such, are not aware of jkulhlaup risk nor are they aware of the risk of lightning and poisonous gases. They can cause rain, thunder and lightning. Clearing ash off the roads and streets; . Accessed 1 Dec 2017, Statistics Iceland (2017b) Internal migration between regions by sex and age 1986-2016-Division into municipalites as of 1 January 2017. http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Ibuar/Ibuar__buferlaflutningar__buferlaflinnanlands__buferlaflinnanlands/MAN01002.px. Created by. Long-term responses to Mount Pinatubo's eruption saw the rebuilding of houses, villages, roads, bridges, and other damaged infrastructure. On the scientific front, there has been a notable increase in volcanic-cloud research since Eyjafjallajkull and the Cordon Caulle long-lived ash plume of 2011. They told us they needed 2h and after 2h if they hadnt come back we would call them (O). The points raised in the following excerpt taken from one interview with a resident were echoed by several other respondents. The volcano affected global air travel, and shook the economies of almost every European nation. They could put more effort in it. . The long-term impact proved to be just as catastrophic, as the community never recovered from the lahars that engulfed it. It may also relate to the incessant news broadcasts that some believed exaggerated the level of impacts in the region (Bird et al., 2011, Bird et al., 2018). Because of this, officials have faith that residents will comply with evacuation orders when given, as they did during the 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. Spectacular drone footage of long dormant Iceland volcano erupting | ITV News Subscribe to ITV News on YouTube: http://bit.ly/2lOHmNj Get breaking news an. To obtain But foremost you felt powerlessness, tranquillity, and respect towards nature (V-E). The Montserrat volcano eruption took place in February. And more times than not, their interest is volcanoes as they remember the 2010 eruption in the summit of Eyjafjallajkull. Edward Elgar, UK, Bird DK, Gisladottir G, Dominey-Howes D (2010) Volcanic risk and tourism in southern Iceland: Implications for hazard, risk and emergency response education and training. Sage, Thousand Oaks, Lindell MK, Perry RW (2012) The protective action decision model: theoretical modifications and additional evidence. And I have the same feeling about Katla (A-E). Volcanoes attract millions of visitors around the world every year. Demographic changes most notably include greater international migration to the South, as well as from the capital region. the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in On Friday, March 19, at around 8:45 p.m. local time, molten rock breached the surface in a valley near a flat-topped mountain named Fagradalsfjall, in the region of Geldingadalur, six miles from the nearest town. Again, evacuation orders were disseminated via the automated phone alert system with approximately 800 residents complying before daybreak on 14 April 2010. Communication and risk mitigation strategies must also be tailored to meet the changing populations needs. This paper considers how residents might respond to future evacuation orders by examining the results of that survey against the changing demographic, economic and political structure of South Iceland. Volcanic Ash Contingency Plan EUR and NAT Regions. Describe the hazards faced by people who live close to a named volcano. People can lose their possessions as . People living within a 20 km zone . The first and foremost hazard risk that authorities focus on is jkulhlaup, as emphasised in historical accounts, the 2006 evacuation exercise, and most recent meetings. In: Rodrguez H, Quarantelli EL, Dynes RR (eds) Handbook of disaster research. Never in my whole life have I been in such darkness. Volcano Insurance on vehicles and properties, and research into ash detectors for planes. These eruptions, however, did not occur without warning. The semi-structured interviews were audio recorded and transcribed by us. Even if we already know that we are safe herewe are higher up so we are actually in no danger from the flood. They were moved to a certain place but they didnt get the necessary information about why and how (O). Sociol Theory 19:123, Article 2), and their associated fissure systems, have the highest eruption frequency and greatest volcanic productivity in Iceland (Thordarson and Larsen, 2007). Even where compliance did not occur, residents showed respect for authority and the jobs they were undertaking, despite the errors and confusion. They didnt know where it was erupting and therefore it was necessary (A-E). Considering future response in this region is important given Katla is renowned as one of Icelands most dangerous volcanoes due to its potential to produce catastrophic jkulhlaup (>100,000m3s1) within 1 to 2h (Gumundsson and Gylfason, 2005, Gumundsson et al., 2007) warranting the need for an immediate response to evacuation orders. J Geodyn 43:118152, orkelsson B (2012) The 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruption, Iceland. I had a text message from the Civil Defence authorities and I said OK. And then our daughter called. J Hazard Mater 75:181194, Article We drove down to the highway and we could see a little reddish glow and of course we were excited, almost having fun because we were not afraid at all. Map produced by rds Hgnadttir. Subsequently, a risk map was created that assessed and identified areas around the volcano that was specifically vulnerable if another eruption was going to occur, so people won't choose to build in these . Learn. If a volcanic eruption happens again, they will have better control over the entire air space. Report to ICAO-June 2012. This creates many jobs for people in the tourism industry. One long-term effect of volcanic ash is silicosis. Google Scholar, Bird DK, Gsladttir G, Dominey-Howes D (2009a) Public perception of jkulhlaup hazard and risk in Iceland: implications for community education. Google Scholar, Mileti DS, Sorensen JH (1990) Communication of emergency public warnings: a social science perspective and state-of-the-art assessment. volcano, vent in the crust of Earth or another planet or satellite, from which issue eruptions of molten rock, hot rock fragments, and hot gases. The eruption, which began on 26 October, has already left 141 people dead and 453 injured near the volcano, which is located some 30km north of the city of Yogyakarta. Even though some considered it the right thing to do, they decided to shelter in place (e.g., within their own home) because they had a duty of care to family members and believed this was the safest option. Often locals are also employed as tour guides. The first evacuation orders that residents in Vestur-Eyjafjll and Austur-Eyjafjll received came from DCPEM/police (38% A-E; 43% V-E), family, friends or neighbours (31% A-E; 14% V-E) and, the rescue teams (6% A-E; 14% V-E)Footnote 1. With the rapidly increasing number of tourists in the region, the police/DCPEM may need to consider further non-compliance, particularly among tour operators and tourist accommodation managers/staff due to their duty of care to their patrons. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Paton D, Johnston DM, Bebbington MS, Lai C-D, Houghton BF (2001) Direct and vicarious experience of volcanic hazards: implications for risk perception and adjustment adoption. For the first couple of weeks, lava oozed from a fissure on its ice-free flank, and . More specifically: Households in Vestur-Eyjafjll were required to evacuate due to jkulhlaup hazard during the flank and summit eruptions in Eyjafjallajkull. In a simple comparison of populations (urban and rural residents of South Iceland), Bird et al., (2011) identified different perceptions and beliefs, and therefore different needs with respect to risk mitigation. I was concerned about the horses I found it terrifying and I feared that the ash would [continue to increase in quantity] (). ADS This lack of detail can be attributed to people sheltering in unofficial places (either by choice or official instruction to do so) and as reported by a few respondents, registration was not well organised in some instances. The items of import to this paper are: demographics; impact of the eruptions; receipt of cues and warnings; public response; perceived levels of coping; and, perceptions of the future. Significantly, this paper links together longitudinal research that spans more than a decade capturing an at-risk populations perspectives of: inherited knowledge, hazard assessments, risk mitigation strategies including a fullscale evacuation exercise; to their response during and perspectives of a volcanic crisis. 5 which shows residents have much more trust in information from local police in 2010 than respondents did in 2008. Additional aspects, however, were included to examine experiences related to the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. Eyjafjallajkull began erupting on 20 March 2010. Participants Adult residents in areas close to the Eyjafjallajkull volcano (N=1096), divided according to exposure levels, and a non-exposed sample (n=475), with 80% participation rate in 2013. 150km2 of reforestation projects destroyed. Environ Sci Policy 13:185194, Hskuldsson (2015) rfajkull. Furthermore, it highlights the importance of capturing narratives of actions and activities to enhance our understanding of the process of decision-making and the situational factors that add to its complexity. Risk Anal 32:601615. It is much easier for me to have the people in the same areabecause if someone gets heart attack, if someone gets hurt, its very difficult to help them Maybe you have to stay in your isolated farm for many days (O). People feeling that they didnt get enough information. Currently, concentration charts have only been adopted for operational use in Europe and the North Atlantic region, as outlined in Volcanic Ash Contingency Plan EUR and NAT Regions. I got a phone call from the officers who were on duty. The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are not publicly available due to human research ethics agreements but may be made available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. 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